Technology comparison for large last-level caches (L3Cs): Low-leakage SRAM, low write-energy STT-RAM, and refresh-optimized eDRAM

Abstract Large last-level caches (LCs) are frequently used to bridge the performance and power gap between processor and memory. Although traditional processors implement caches as SRAMs, technologies such as STT-RAM (MRAM), and eDRAM have been used and/or considered for the implementation of LCs. Each of these technologies has inherent weaknesses: SRAM is relatively low density and has high leakage current; STT-RAM has high write latency and write energy consumption; and eDRAM requires refresh operations. As future processors are expected to have larger lastlevel caches, the goal of this paper is to study the trade-offs associated with using each of these technologies to implement LCs. In order to make useful comparisons between SRAM, STTRAM, and eDRAM LCs, we model them in detail and apply low power techniques to each of these technologies to address their respective weaknesses. We optimize SRAM for low leakage and optimize STT-RAM for low write energy. Moreover, we classify eDRAM refresh-reduction schemes into two categories and demonstrate the effectiveness of using dead-line prediction to eliminate unnecessary refreshes. A comparison of these technologies through full-system simulation shows that the proposed refresh-reduction method makes eDRAM a viable, energy-efficient technology for implementing LCs.